ADRC-based dual-loop control and stability analysis of stacked interleaved DC–DC buck converter for hydrogen production using PEM electrolyzer

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis, particularly using Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, is a key technology for advancing renewable energy integration. Ensuring a stable and efficient supply requires DC–DC converters capable of precise regulation under disturbances. This paper proposes a dual-loop Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) strategy for a stacked interleaved DC–DC converter supplying a PEM electrolyzer. The proposed ADRC enhances robustness against disturbances and improves system stability under dynamic conditions typical of RES-based microgrids. Simulation results demonstrate that the approach significantly improves voltage regulation and overall performance—achieving a settling time of 10 ms and limiting overshoot to 20.06%—thereby ensuring a reliable and efficient power supply for PEM electrolyzers in renewable energy applications.