System Identification–Based Adaptive Real-Time Simulators for Power Electronic Converters—Application to Three-Phase and NPC Inverters

This paper deals with the real-time simulation of power electronic converters. It discusses a new approach for designing embedded real-time simulators (eRTSs) that approximate the static and dynamic behavior of a power converter at the switching scale. The main concept is to approximate the voltage/current experimental characteristics of each switch using dedicated transfer functions obtained after a system identification process. The adaptive feature of such eRTS consists of developing varying and online reconfigurable coefficients transfer functions. The main potential of doing so is the possibility of reconfiguring the model according to the actual electrical/thermal environment where the power converter is used. Then, the latter is subdivided into independent switching cells, represented by dedicated RT models that are fully parallelized. Furthermore, using FPGA devices makes it possible to achieve very low latencies and, consequently, a short simulation time step. Previous work was published in this context, where this approach was deeply described and tested with half-bridge DC–DC, full-bridge DC–AC, and multi-level cascaded H-bridge (five-level and nine-level) power converters. This paper recalls the main basics and, more importantly, discusses additional case studies, namely a three-phase voltage source inverter, a half-bridge NPC (neutral-point clamped) inverter, and a three-phase NPC inverter.