Embedded Fully FPGA-Based Real-Time Simulators for Static Power Converters With Power Switch Characteristics Approximated by Identification

This article suggests a new approach for de- signing embedded real-time (RT) simulators for power elec- tronic converters. The main concept is to approximate the voltage/current characteristics of each power switch by dedicated coefficient varying transfer functions. The latter are obtained through system identification. The potential of such approach is the possibility to make this identification from real measurements and considering the end-user elec- trical/thermal environment. The converter is then structured into independent switching cells, represented by dedicated RT models that are executed in parallel. This is the same inside each switching cell model where the inherent trans- fer functions are simultaneously activated. Furthermore, each transfer function has been implemented with a parallel form giving the possibility to achieve high identification accuracy without compromising the timing performances. Then, with such full-parallel organization and using field programmable gate array devices, it is possible to achieve very low latencies and consequently, a short simulation time step. This article presents the developed proof of concept, applied to power converters with different levels of complexity, namely, a half-bridge dc–dc, a full-bridge dc–ac, and multilevel cascaded H-bridge (5-level and 9- level) power converters. For each case study, RT results are provided, analyzed, and compared with their offline counterparts.